Political Assassination 政治暗杀 One of the most interesting—if unusual—varieties of paranoid violence is manifested in the pathology of the assassin. Political assassination has been a commonplace in human history, but we can limit our consideration to the area of political assassination in the United States. Such assassinations have never been a part of the process of organized redistribution of political power. They were the actions of disturbed individuals who had no political status and whose motivations reflected paranoid suspiciousness, bitterness, grandiosity—elements that we have come to recognize as reflecting not merely the operation of the paranoid process, but of severe paranoid psychopathology. By the act of assailing an American President, each of these individuals has achieved a position of historical prominence that answers somehow to the grandiosity of his act. To assume the prerogative of terminating the career of an American President, and to thus force a great country to modify and change the course of its history, is an act of assumed power which provides the rationale and motivation for his act of political assassination. 其中最有趣的一种——如果不寻常的话——偏执型暴力在刺客的病理学中得到了体现。政治暗杀在人类历史上是司空见惯的，但我们可以把我们的考虑范围限制在美国的政治暗杀领域。这种暗杀从来都不是有组织地重新分配政治权力过程的一部分。他们是没有政治地位的精神错乱的人的行为，他们的动机反映了偏执多疑，痛苦，夸大——我们已经认识到这些因素不仅反映了偏执过程的运作，而且反映了严重的偏执精神病理。通过暗杀美国总统的行为，这些人中的每一个人都获得了历史上的显赫地位，这在某种程度上与他们行为的夸大相符合。行使终止美国总统职业生涯的特权，从而迫使一个伟大的国家修改和改变其历史进程，是一种行使假想权力的行为，这为他的政治暗杀行为提供了理论依据和动机。 The most recent of these political assailants is Arthur Bremer, who struck down George Wallace during the preconvention campaigns for the presidential nomination. Bremer shares certain marked characteristics withthe list of other presidential assailants. Political assassins in American history have always been personal failures, isolated human beings who seemed incapable of any genuine human relationships and who were possessed with extraordinary ambitions quite beyond the limits of their own personal capacities and assets. Family life, in many of these cases, seems to have been severely disturbed and unstable, particularly during critical periods of emotional development. Bremer was a loner with no close friends. He remained quite isolated and unable to trust people. His life was a saga of repeated failures—particularly when measured against the vast ambitions that are reflected in his notebooks. He thought that he would become a great writer or photographer, but in fact the only jobs he was able to get were those of janitor and busboy. 这些政治暗杀者中最近的一个是阿瑟·布雷默，他在总统提名大会前的竞选活动中击倒了乔治·华莱士。布雷默与名单上的其他总统暗杀者具有某些明显的特征。美国历史上的政治暗杀者都是个人的失败，是孤立的人，他们似乎没有能力与人建立真正的关系，他们有着超出个人能力和财产所能及的非凡抱负。在许多案例中，家庭生活似乎受到严重干扰和不稳定，特别是在情绪发展的关键时期。布雷默是一个孤独的人，没有亲密的朋友。他一直很孤立，不能信任别人。他的一生是一个不断失败的传奇——尤其是与他笔记本上所反映的巨大抱负相比。他原以为自己会成为一名伟大的作家或摄影师，但实际上他能找到的工作只有看门人和餐馆杂工。 The list of assassinations or attempts on the lives of Presidents in the United States is impressive. Richard Lawrence tried unsuccessfully to shoot Andrew Jackson. Lawrence was very likely a paranoid schizophrenic—indulging himself in the delusion that he was Richard III, king of England. His friends called him "King Dick." He is said to have believed that steamship interests in the United States were conspiring against him, and once tried to shoot a woman whom he thought was laughing at him. He developed the delusional belief that President Jackson had been the enemy of the Lawrence family and was somehow responsible for his father's insanity and death. He insisted after the attempt that his act would have been a great benefit to all the workingmen of the country, a belief that was supported by political dissidents who often accused Jackson of undermining the laboring class in the country. 对美国总统的暗杀或企图令人印象深刻。理查德·劳伦斯曾试图射杀安德鲁·杰克逊，但没有成功。劳伦斯很可能是一个偏执型精神分裂症患者——沉迷于自己是英国国王理查三世的错觉中。他的朋友们叫他“迪克王”。据说他认为在美国的蒸汽船利益集团在密谋反对他，有一次他试图射杀一个他认为是在嘲笑他的女人。他产生了一种错觉，认为杰克逊总统是劳伦斯家族的敌人，并对他父亲的精神错乱和死亡负有某种责任。在那次尝试之后，他坚持认为他的行为会给这个国家的所有工人带来巨大的利益，而持不同政见者也支持这一观点，他们经常指责杰克逊破坏了这个国家的劳动阶级。 John Wilkes Booth was the man who killed Abraham Lincoln. He was a rather temperamental, abusive, and frequently psychotic individual who drank to excess. His psychotic symptoms were often brought to the fore under the influence of alcohol. He had a relatively successful career as an actor and was particularly successful in the South, where he championed the cause of slavery. At about age twenty-four his career began to be jeopardized by a condition of chronic laryngitis. At this time he began to think of the possibility of killing Abraham Lincoln. He was convinced that Lincoln was trying to become the unlimited and absolute monarch of the United States. He finally killed himself before he was tracked down and captured. He presumably suffered from a paranoid psychosis. 约翰·威尔克斯·布斯就是杀害亚伯拉罕·林肯的人。他是个喜怒无常、爱虐待人、酗酒的屡次发作的精神病患者。他的精神病症状常常在酒精的作用下表现出来。作为一名演员，他的事业相对成功，在南方尤其成功，因为他支持奴隶制。在二十四岁左右，他的事业开始受到慢性喉炎的威胁。这时，他开始考虑刺杀亚伯拉罕·林肯的可能性。他确信林肯试图成为美国无限制的绝对的君主。他最终在被查获和逮捕之前自杀了。他可能患有偏执型精神病。 Charles Guiteau shot President James Garfield. His father had been a religious fanatic with the delusional belief that he would live forever. Even as a child Guiteau had assumed his father's belief in divine inspiration. Guiteau had an erratic work record and indulged in considerable swindling and theft to support himself. After his divorce his psychosis became increasingly evident, and he became more nomadic and isolated and friendless in his pattern of living. He entertained political fantasies that he dreamed would bring him to great power and influence. He wrote in a note, "Garfield has wrecked the once grand Republican Party and for this he dies." After he had shot the President, a note was found in his pocket saying, "The President's removal is an act of God." 查尔斯·吉托枪杀了总统詹姆斯·加菲尔德。他的父亲是个宗教狂热分子，妄想自己能长生不老。吉托还是个孩子的时候，就已经接受了他父亲关于神的启示的信仰。吉托的工作记录很不稳定，经常靠行骗和偷窃来维持生活。离婚后，他的精神病变得越来越明显，他的生活方式变得更加流浪、孤独和无依无靠。他怀着自己的政治幻想，梦想着能使自己拥有巨大的权力和影响力。他在一张纸条上写道:“加菲尔德摧毁了曾经辉煌的共和党，为此他得死。”在他射杀了总统之后，在他的口袋里发现了一张纸条，上面写着:“除掉总统是上帝的旨意。” President McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz. Czolgosz was a distant and isolated man who never seemed to enjoy anything. He was unable to hold a job. He was never married and was never known to have a girl friend. He often thought people were trying to poison his food. He was fascinated by anarchism and declared at one point that he was against all religion, marriage, and government. He wrote the following confession: "I killed President McKinley because I done my duty. I don't believe one man should have so much service and another man should have none." 麦金利总统被利昂·乔尔戈斯暗杀了。乔尔戈斯是一个冷漠、孤僻的人，似乎从不享受任何东西。他找不到工作。他从未结过婚，也从未有过女朋友。他经常认为人们试图在他的食物里下毒。他痴迷于无政府主义，曾一度宣称反对一切宗教、婚姻和政府。他写了以下自白:“我杀了麦金利总统，因为我尽了我的职责。我不相信一个人应该有这么多的服务，而另一个人应该没有。” Teddy Roosevelt was wounded while a presidential candidate by John Schrank. Schrank was a quiet, neat, and well-mannered young man. He had no close relationships and he never married. He had hallucinatory experiences telling him that Roosevelt was responsible for McKinley's death, and concluded that it was his sacred mission to prevent Roosevelt from obtaining a third term. Prior to his attack Schrank had written: "Let every third termer be regarded as a traitor....I am willing to die for my country. God has called me to be an instrument so help me God. Theodore Roosevelt is in a conspiracy with European monarchs to overthrow our Republic. We want no king. We want no murderer. We will not yield to Rome." His attack on Roosevelt was not fatal because the bullet struck a thick manuscript over the President's heart. Schrank was a paranoid schizophrenic who spent the rest of his life in a state hospital. When Franklin Roosevelt began to run for a third term, Schrank once again felt he was called on to save the nation. 泰迪·罗斯福在竞选总统时被约翰·施兰克打伤。施兰克是个文静、整洁、彬彬有礼的年轻人。他没有亲密的关系，也从未结婚。他有幻觉经验告诉他，罗斯福要为麦金利的死负责，并得出结论，阻止罗斯福获得第三个任期是他神圣的使命。在施兰克发动攻击之前，他曾写道:“让每一个连任三期者都被视为叛徒……我愿意为我的国家而死。上帝召唤我成为一个工具，所以请帮助我。西奥多·罗斯福与欧洲君主密谋推翻我们的共和国。我们不要国王。我们不要杀人犯。我们决不向罗马屈服。他对罗斯福的攻击并没有致命，因为子弹击中了总统的心脏前厚厚的手稿。施兰克是一个偏执型精神分裂症患者，他在一家州立医院度过了余生。当富兰克林·罗斯福开始第三次竞选总统时，施兰克再次感到自己肩负着拯救国家的使命。 In 1933 Giuseppe Zangara fired a shot at President-elect F.D.R., but missed him and killed Mayor Cermak of Chicago. Zangara hated his father and blamed the latter for all the troubles of his own life, including a variety of psychosomatic ailments. After coming to the United States, Zangara's hatred for all authority figures increased. He believed that the ruling class was keeping the poor under its heel and that the world would benefit if rulers were eliminated. He felt that kings, rulers, and capitalists kept money from the poor people like himself. Eleven years before his attempt on F.D.R.'s life, he had tried to kill King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. He suffered from a paranoid psychosis. 1933年，Giuseppe Zangara向候任总统F.D.R开了一枪，但没打中，杀死了芝加哥市长Cermak。赞加拉恨他的父亲，并把自己生活中的所有麻烦都归咎于父亲，包括各种身心疾病。来到美国后，Zangara对所有权威人物的憎恨与日俱增。他认为统治阶级把穷人踩在脚下，如果统治者被消灭，世界将会受益。他觉得国王、统治者和资本家都在向他这样的穷人收钱。在他企图暗杀F.D.R总统之前11年，他曾试图杀死意大利国王维克托·伊曼纽尔。他患有偏执型精神病。 The Puerto Ricans who made an attempt on Harry Truman's life in 1950 were advocates of Puerto Rican independence. They and their accomplices believed that Truman was responsible for Puerto Rican suppression. There is no evidence that these men were psychotic, but the belief that Truman was somehow responsible for their misfortunes and the near-delusional belief that by an attack on the President's life they would be able to achieve some reasonable goal would indicate that, even if they were not psychotic, nonetheless the paranoid process would seem to have been at work. One of the basic contentions of the present study is that political fanaticism is a major expression of the paranoid process. 1950年企图刺杀哈里·杜鲁门的波多黎各人是波多黎各独立的拥护者。他们和他们的同伙认为杜鲁门应该为波多黎各的镇压负责。没有证据表明这些人是精神病,但相信杜鲁门在某种程度上要为他们的不幸负责，以及通过攻击总统生命能够实现一些合理的目标这种近乎妄想的信仰，表明即使他们不是精神病,偏执过程似乎也一直在工作。本研究的基本论点之一是，政治狂热是偏执过程的主要表现。 In recent years the Kennedy assassinations have been seared into the memories of Americans. Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed John Kennedy on November 22,1963. Oswald's own early life was unhappy. His father had died even before his birth and his mother was a rather suspicious and grandiose woman—probably paranoid. He underwent psychiatric evaluation at about age thirteen and at this time was found to be a rather schizoid individual with severe aggressive impulses and poor impulse control. He often had daydreams of killing people. When he was sixteen he had wanted to kill Eisenhower because he was "exploiting the working class." In the military he was defiant, a constant complainer, a loner, and a heavy drinker. He was court-martialed for illegal possession of a pistol. He was court-martialed again for provoking an officer. He spent nearly three years living in Russia and once attempted suicide when told he had to leave the country, because he did not want to return to America. He was later transported to the United States at government expense. In April 1963, he attempted the assassination of General Edmund Walker, but his shots missed the target. He justified this murder attempt by maintaining that Walker was a fascist and that his death might save the world. Oswald also wanted to kill Richard Nixon but never carried out the attempt. The assassination attempt and subsequent murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby were well-known contemporary events. Oswald was very likely a paranoid schizophrenic—and it is not unlikely that he may have sustained this diagnosis even at the time of his early psychiatric evaluation. 近年来，肯尼迪遇刺案一直铭刻在美国人的记忆中。李·哈维·奥斯瓦尔德于1963年11月22日枪杀了约翰·肯尼迪。奥斯瓦德早年的生活并不幸福。他的父亲甚至在他出生之前就去世了，他的母亲是一个相当多疑和夸大的女人——可能是偏执。他在大约13岁的时候接受了精神病学评估，当时他被发现是一个精神分裂的人，有严重的攻击性冲动和较差的冲动控制。他经常做杀人的白日梦。16岁时，他曾想杀死艾森豪威尔，因为他“剥削工人阶级”。在军队里，他目中无人，经常抱怨，独来独往，嗜酒如命。他因非法持有手枪而被军事法庭传讯。他因挑衅军官而再次被军事法庭传讯。他在俄罗斯生活了近3年，有一次当被告知不得不离开这个国家时，因为不想回到美国，他试图自杀。他后来由政府出资运送到美国。1963年4月，他企图刺杀埃德蒙·沃克将军，但他的子弹没有击中目标。他坚称沃克是一名法西斯分子，他的死可能会拯救世界，从而为这次谋杀企图辩护。奥斯瓦德还想杀死理查德·尼克松，但从未付诸行动。杰克·鲁比的暗杀企图和随后对奥斯瓦尔德的谋杀是当时众所周知的事件[杀人者又被其他人杀了]。奥斯瓦尔德极有可能是一个偏执型精神分裂症患者——很可能在他早期的精神病评估中，他也一直被诊断为偏执型精神分裂症。 John Kennedy's younger brother, Robert, was shot and killed while campaigning for the presidential nomination on June 5,1968. His assassin was Sirhan Sirhan. Sirhan's father revealed his set of mind to the world after the assassination when he admitted that his son had killed Kennedy, but tried to put the blame on the senator. "He provoked my son by threatening to supply arms to the Middle East.... My son did well.... Kennedy made trouble, not Sirhan." The father also swore vegenance on American political leaders after he received the news of his son's conviction for murder. Sirhan was a serious, studious, and rather isolated young man with no close friends. He shunned women. He had once been thrown from a horse, and following this, he felt suspicious and guarded about his medical care, feeling that he had been mistreated. He continued to have physical complaints without having any physical findings. Sirhan was vehemently anti-Jewish and was enraged by Robert Kennedy's pro-lsraeli political statements. He had written a note before the attempt saying, "Robert Kennedy must die by June 5." And again, "The rich people step all over the poor." The psychiatric and psychological testimony presented during Sirhan's hearing to establish legal responsibility was quite conflicting. But in general there was agreement that he suffered from a paranoid disorder. 1968年6月5日，约翰·肯尼迪的弟弟罗伯特在竞选总统提名时被枪杀。刺杀他的是希尔汗。希尔汉的父亲在肯尼迪遇刺后向外界透露了他的想法，他承认自己的儿子杀害了肯尼迪，但却试图把责任推到参议员[指罗伯特]身上。“他威胁说要向中东供应武器，这激怒了我儿子……我儿子做得很好……是肯尼迪制造了麻烦，不是希尔汗。在得知儿子被判谋杀罪后，父亲还发誓要严厉惩罚美国政治领导人。希尔汉是一个严肃、勤奋、相当孤僻的年轻人，没有亲密的朋友。他回避女性。有一次，他被人从马背上摔了下来，紧接着，他对自己的医疗护理产生了怀疑和戒备，觉得自己受到了虐待。他继续有身体上的不适，但没有任何身体上的发现。希尔汗是激烈的反犹太分子，并被罗伯特·肯尼迪的亲以色列政治声明激怒。他在自杀前写了一张纸条，上面写着:“罗伯特·肯尼迪必须在6月5日前去世。”再一次，“富人践踏穷人。”在确定希尔汉法律责任而举行的听证会上，精神病学和心理学方面的证词相互矛盾。但总的来说，大家一致认为他患有偏执障碍。 The Role of the Victim. The pattern of political fanaticism and the paranoid dynamics are fairly clear-cut in these cases. Yet one of the fascinating aspects of the events producing the final outcome of political assassinations is the role of the victim. The whole question involves the largely problematic area of psychology of political leadership and its complex relations to what we have been describing as the paranoid process. We can only note the relationship here in passing. Political personages are often highly ambitious, narcissistic, in many ways aggressive, and in many ways charismatic individuals. They are prone to make extreme authoritarian, dogmatic, or even inflammatory statements. The political process, and particularly political rhetoric, embraces and builds on basically paranoid dynamics in the population at large. 受害者的角色。在这些案例中，政治狂热和偏执动力学相当明显。然而，导致政治暗杀的最后结果的事件的引人入胜的方面之一是受害者的作用。整个问题涉及到政治领导心理学中存在很大问题的领域以及它与我们所说的偏执过程的复杂关系。我们只能顺便注意到这里的关系。政治人物通常都很有野心，自恋，在很多方面都很好斗，在很多方面都很有魅力。他们倾向于发表极端专制、教条甚至煽动性的言论。政治进程，尤其是政治辞令，包含并建立在广大人民的基本偏执动力学上。 Moreover it is striking that many political leaders—and this is particularly true of Presidents of the United States—seem to expose themselves to obvious dangers quite unnecessarily and resist the cautions and precautions of concerned followers and friends. Lincoln was often the target of assassination attempts and threats. Despite pleas from friends and subordinates he continued to lead an unguarded life and to walk through the streets of Washington without protection. On one occasion his hat was shot off—on another an official next to him was gunned down—and yet Lincoln seemed to almost deliberately expose himself to such attacks. On the night of his assassination, he insisted that his box remain unguarded at the theater. John Kennedy frequently created difficulties for the Secret Service men assigned to protect him. And Robert Kennedy repeatedly flouted and tested death not only in his political life, but even in his pattern of daredevil recreation. We can only raise the question here—an extremely important and in many ways perplexing question—of the relationship between the paranoid process, as we are considering it here in a clinical framework, and the broader issues of political process and the implementation of extreme attitudes and actions which seem so indigenous to American political life. 此外，令人吃惊的是，许多政治领导人——尤其是美国总统——似乎毫无必要地将自己暴露于明显的危险之中，并拒绝关注此事的追随者和朋友的警告和防范。林肯经常是暗杀企图和威胁的目标。尽管有朋友和下属的恳求，他仍然过着没有戒备的生活，在华盛顿的大街上没有保护地行走。有一次，他的帽子被射了一枪——另一次，他旁边的一位官员被枪杀了——然而，林肯似乎几乎是故意让自己暴露在这样的攻击之下。在他被暗杀的那天晚上，他坚持他的包厢在剧院里没有人看守。约翰·肯尼迪经常给受命保护他的特勤局人员制造麻烦。罗伯特·肯尼迪不仅在他的政治生活中，甚至在他的冒险娱乐中，不断地藐视和考验死亡。我们在这只能提出一个问题——一个极其重要，并在很多方面都令人费解的问题——即偏执过程(我们正在一个临床的框架内考虑它)和更广泛的政治过程，以及似乎是美国政治生活固有的极端态度和行为的实现之间的关系问题。